Although no one has claimed responsibility for the attack, if one actually took place, it is likely it was carried out by a pro-Ukrainian hacktivist group. Hacktivist groups have carried out multiple attacks on behalf of both Ukraine and Russia over the course of the conflict. Even though President Putin continues to erroneously blame the West and Ukraine for Russia’s invasion, multiple reports identified Russian backed cyber-attacks on Ukrainian organizations in the months leading up to the invasion. This particular attack not only causes a lack of faith in the Russian government and causes panic, but it also causes confusion for future air raid sirens, making citizens question its legitimacy. Hacktivists on both sides of the conflict have been effective at spreading misinformation and disruptive attacks; these types of attacks will surely be a planning factor for military strategists in future conflicts.
https://www.theregister.com/2023/02/23/russia_fake_missile_alerts/?&web_view=true
